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The Golden Compass

This film is great. It is good because it is based on a book but it could have more of what's in the book actually in the film. The same problem as in Harry Potter. It's strange that they have changed the name of the film from Northern Lights (which is what the book is actually called) to The Golden Compass. However, the film is great but not excellent.

There are too many characters to keep up with, and after about the first half hour or so though, the rushed and stuffed-to-bursting plot gets so complicated that it's difficult to understand exactly what's going on.

There are certainly some exciting scenes, but nothing beyond normal. Well... I didn't recommend this movie.

Presentation

Light Pollution

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Light pollution

Problem Description

Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky, where it's not wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it is. Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and radically alters the light levels—and light rhythms—to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted. Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life—migration, reproduction, feeding—is affected.

Causes

Light pollution is a side effect of industrial civilization. Its sources include building exterior and interior lighting, advertising, commercial properties, offices, factories, streetlights, and illuminated sporting venues. It is most severe in highly industrialized, densely populated areas of North America, Europe, and Japan and in major cities in the Middle East and North Africa like Cairo, but even relatively small amounts of light can be noticed and create problems. Like other forms of pollution (such as air, water, and noise pollution) light pollution causes damage to the environment.

Effects

--Energy waste

Lighting is responsible for one-fourth of all energy consumption worldwide, and case studies have shown that several forms of over-illumination constitute energy wastage, including non-beneficial upward direction of night-time lighting.

-- Human health and psychology

Health effects of over-illumination or improper spectral composition of light may include: increased headache incidence, worker fatigue, medically defined stress, decrease in sexual function and increase in anxiety.

-- Disruption of ecosystems

Life exists with natural patterns of light and dark, so disruption of those patterns influences many aspects of animal behavior. Light pollution can confuse animal navigation, alter competitive interactions, change predator-prey relations, and influence animal physiology.

--Effect on astronomy

Skyglow reduces the contrast between stars and galaxies in the sky and the sky itself, making it more difficult to detect fainter objects. This is one factor that has caused newer telescopes to be built in increasingly remote areas. Some astronomers use narrow-band "nebula filters" which only allow specific wavelengths of light commonly seen in nebulae

Possible solutions

Reducing light pollution implies many things, such as reducing sky glow, reducing glare, reducing light trespass, and reducing clutter. The method for best reducing light pollution, therefore, depends on exactly what the problem is in any given instance. Possible solutions include:

Utilizing light sources of minimum intensity necessary to accomplish the light's purpose.

Turning lights off using a timer or occupancy sensor or manually when not needed.

Improving lighting fixtures, so that they direct their light more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects.

Adjusting the type of lights used, so that the light waves emitted are those that are less likely to cause severe light pollution problems.

Evaluating existing lighting plans, and re-designing some or all of the plans depending on whether existing light is actually needed.

Conclusions

Of all the pollutions we face, light pollution is perhaps the most easily remedied. Simple changes in lighting design and installation yield immediate changes in the amount of light spilled into the atmosphere and, often, immediate energy savings.

My fonts were:

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/light-pollution/klinkenborg-text
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution
http://www.lightpollution.it/dmsp/